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U:RDoc::TopLevel[	i�I"security.rdoc:ETcRDoc::Parser::Simpleo:RDoc::Markup::Document:@parts[SS:RDoc::Markup::Heading:
leveli:	textI"Ruby Security;To:RDoc::Markup::BlankLine�o:RDoc::Markup::Paragraph;[I"TThe Ruby programming language is large and complex and there are many security ;TI"Lpitfalls often encountered by newcomers and experienced Rubyists alike.;T@
o;
;[I"RThis document aims to discuss many of these pitfalls and provide more secure ;TI"#alternatives where applicable.;T@
o;
;[I"UPlease check the full list of publicly known CVEs and how to correctly report a ;TI"Hsecurity vulnerability, at: https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/security/ ;TI"EJapanese version is here: https://www.ruby-lang.org/ja/security/;T@
o;
;[	I"ASecurity vulnerabilities should be reported via an email to ;TI"4mailto:security@ruby-lang.org ({the PGP public ;TI"Ukey}[https://www.ruby-lang.org/security.asc]), which is a private mailing list. ;TI"5Reported problems will be published after fixes.;T@
S;	;
i;I"+Marshal.load+;T@
o;
;[I"URuby's +Marshal+ module provides methods for serializing and deserializing Ruby ;TI"3object trees to and from a binary data format.;T@
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;[	I"NNever use +Marshal.load+ to deserialize untrusted or user supplied data. ;TI"NBecause +Marshal+ can deserialize to almost any Ruby object and has full ;TI"Rcontrol over instance variables, it is possible to craft a malicious payload ;TI"6that executes code shortly after deserialization.;T@
o;
;[	I"RIf you need to deserialize untrusted data, you should use JSON as it is only ;TI"Ucapable of returning 'primitive' types such as strings, arrays, hashes, numbers ;TI"Oand nil. If you need to deserialize other classes, you should handle this ;TI";manually. Never deserialize to a user specified class.;T@
S;	;
i;I"	YAML;T@
o;
;[I"RYAML is a popular human readable data serialization format used by many Ruby ;TI"Nprograms for configuration and database persistence of Ruby object trees.;T@
o;
;[I"RSimilar to +Marshal+, it is able to deserialize into arbitrary Ruby classes. ;TI"KFor example, the following YAML data will create an +ERB+ object when ;TI"2deserialized, using the `unsafe_load` method:;T@
o:RDoc::Markup::Verbatim;[I"!ruby/object:ERB
;TI"src: puts `uname`
;T:@format0o;
;[I"RBecause of this, many of the security considerations applying to Marshal are ;TI"Lalso applicable to YAML. Do not use YAML to deserialize untrusted data.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Symbols;T@
o;
;[
I"USymbols are often seen as syntax sugar for simple strings, but they play a much ;TI"Pmore crucial role. The MRI Ruby implementation uses Symbols internally for ;TI"Rmethod, variable and constant names. The reason for this is that symbols are ;TI"Ssimply integers with names attached to them, so they are faster to look up in ;TI"hashtables.;T@
o;
;[I"OStarting in version 2.2, most symbols can be garbage collected; these are ;TI"Lcalled <i>mortal</i> symbols. Most symbols you create (e.g. by calling ;TI"+to_sym+) are mortal.;T@
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;[I"P<i>Immortal</i> symbols on the other hand will never be garbage collected. ;TI"*They are created when modifying code:;To:RDoc::Markup::List:
@type:BULLET:@items[o:RDoc::Markup::ListItem:@label0;[o;
;[I"3defining a method (e.g. with +define_method+),;To;;0;[o;
;[I"Fsetting an instance variable (e.g. with +instance_variable_set+),;To;;0;[o;
;[I"<creating a variable or constant (e.g. with +const_set+);To;
;[	I"LC extensions that have not been updated and are still calling `SYM2ID` ;TI"#will create immortal symbols. ;TI"IBugs in 2.2.0: +send+ and +__send__+ also created immortal symbols, ;TI"Gand calling methods with keyword arguments could also create some.;T@
o;
;[	I"KDon't create immortal symbols from user inputs. Otherwise, this would ;TI"Rallow a user to mount a denial of service attack against your application by ;TI"Sflooding it with unique strings, which will cause memory to grow indefinitely ;TI"Muntil the Ruby process is killed or causes the system to slow to a halt.;T@
o;
;[I"TWhile it might not be a good idea to call these with user inputs, methods that ;TI"<used to be vulnerable such as +to_sym+, +respond_to?+, ;TI"Q+method+, +instance_variable_get+, +const_get+, etc. are no longer a threat.;T@
S;	;
i;I"Regular expressions;T@
o;
;[	I"RRuby's regular expression syntax has some minor differences when compared to ;TI"Tother languages. In Ruby, the <code>^</code> and <code>$</code> anchors do not ;TI"Urefer to the beginning and end of the string, rather the beginning and end of a ;TI"*line*.;T@
o;
;[	I"?This means that if you're using a regular expression like ;TI"S<code>/^[a-z]+$/</code> to restrict a string to only letters, an attacker can ;TI"Ubypass this check by passing a string containing a letter, then a newline, then ;TI""any string of their choosing.;T@
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;[I"RIf you want to match the beginning and end of the entire string in Ruby, use ;TI"the anchors +\A+ and +\z+.;T@
S;	;
i;I"+eval+;T@
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;[I"=Never pass untrusted or user controlled input to +eval+.;T@
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;[	I"NUnless you are implementing a REPL like +irb+ or +pry+, +eval+ is almost ;TI"Ucertainly not what you want. Do not attempt to filter user input before passing ;TI"Sit to +eval+ - this approach is fraught with danger and will most likely open ;TI"Jyour application up to a serious remote code execution vulnerability.;T@
S;	;
i;I"+send+;T@
o;
;[I"U'Global functions' in Ruby (+puts+, +exit+, etc.) are actually private instance ;TI"Qmethods on +Object+. This means it is possible to invoke these methods with ;TI"A+send+, even if the call to +send+ has an explicit receiver.;T@
o;
;[I"RFor example, the following code snippet writes "Hello world" to the terminal:;T@
o;;[I""1.send(:puts, "Hello world")
;T;0o;
;[I"SYou should never call +send+ with user supplied input as the first parameter. ;TI">Doing so can introduce a denial of service vulnerability:;T@
o;;[I"6foo.send(params[:bar]) # params[:bar] is "exit!"
;T;0o;
;[I"OIf an attacker can control the first two arguments to +send+, remote code ;TI"execution is possible:;T@
o;;[I"J# params is { :a => "eval", :b => "...ruby code to be executed..." }
;TI"&foo.send(params[:a], params[:b])
;T;0o;
;[I"SWhen dispatching a method call based on user input, carefully verify that the ;TI"Qmethod name. If possible, check it against a whitelist of safe method names.;T@
o;
;[I"ONote that the use of +public_send+ is also dangerous, as +send+ itself is ;TI"public:;T@
o;;[I"E1.public_send("send", "eval", "...ruby code to be executed...")
;T;0S;	;
i;I"DRb;T@
o;
;[I"UAs DRb allows remote clients to invoke arbitrary methods, it is not suitable to ;TI"!expose to untrusted clients.;T@
o;
;[I"TWhen using DRb, try to avoid exposing it over the network if possible. If this ;TI"Uisn't possible and you need to expose DRb to the world, you *must* configure an ;TI"<appropriate security policy with <code>DRb::ACL</code>.;T:
@file@:0@omit_headings_from_table_of_contents_below0

[+] ..
[+] UnicodeNormalize
[+] OptionParser
[+] Integer
[+] Ractor
[+] Bundler
[-] page-implicit_conversion_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Digest
[+] Addrinfo
[-] cache.ri [edit]
[+] FloatDomainError
[+] TCPServer
[+] KeyError
[+] SystemCallError
[+] RactorLocalSingleton
[+] Prism
[+] Exception
[+] SystemStackError
[+] Hash
[+] Math
[+] Rational
[+] NEWS
[+] Timeout
[-] page-fiber_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-extension_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Shellwords
[-] page-maintainers_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-marshal_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] English
[+] Process
[+] GC
[-] page-extension_ja_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] FiberError
[-] page-dig_methods_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Singleton
[+] ARGF
[+] StringScanner
[+] Fcntl
[-] page-command_injection_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] File
[+] ArgumentError
[-] page-LEGAL.ri [edit]
[+] Interrupt
[+] IPAddr
[+] Benchmark
[+] Enumerator
[+] UDPSocket
[+] Monitor
[-] page-NEWS_md.ri [edit]
[+] ENV
[+] RubyVM
[-] page-index_md.ri [edit]
[+] WeakRef
[+] Reline
[+] Class
[+] EncodingError
[-] page-COPYING_ja.ri [edit]
[+] TCPSocket
[+] SOCKSSocket
[-] page-globals_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Net
[+] Dir
[+] Random
[+] Signal
[-] page-format_specifications_rdoc.ri [edit]
[-] page-distribution_md.ri [edit]
[+] MonitorMixin
[+] Complex
[+] SystemExit
[-] page-strftime_formatting_rdoc.ri [edit]
[-] page-COPYING.ri [edit]
[+] Proc
[+] UNIXSocket
[+] StringIO
[+] Refinement
[+] Readline
[+] Struct
[+] RbConfig
[+] PrettyPrint
[+] RangeError
[-] page-contributing_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-ractor_md.ri [edit]
[+] PTY
[+] NameError
[+] WIN32OLE
[+] NoMethodError
[+] Range
[+] Date
[-] page-bsearch_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] OLEProperty
[+] NotImplementedError
[+] FileTest
[+] Regexp
[+] Kernel
[+] BasicObject
[-] page-packed_data_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Fiddle
[+] UnboundMethod
[+] Open3
[+] optparse
[+] Marshal
[+] MatchData
[+] regexp
[+] Object
[+] Coverage
[-] page-encodings_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] ThreadError
[-] page-memory_view_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-dtrace_probes_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] NoMemoryError
[+] UNIXServer
[+] Resolv
[-] page-windows_md.ri [edit]
[+] date
[+] TSort
[+] EOFError
[+] Method
[-] page-security_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] URI
[+] OpenStruct
[+] FrozenError
[-] page-README_ja_md.ri [edit]
[+] IndexError
[+] ERB
[+] Comparable
[+] PStore
[+] Ripper
[+] Gem
[+] SecurityError
[+] Pathname
[+] Warning
[+] Thread
[+] LoadError
[+] RegexpError
[+] Float
[+] Numeric
[+] SyntaxSuggest
[+] RDoc
[+] Rake
[+] StandardError
[+] FalseClass
[-] page-README_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-character_selectors_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Encoding
[+] Time
[+] YAML
[+] MakeMakefile
[+] UncaughtThrowError
[+] Delegator
[-] page-signals_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Enumerable
[+] StopIteration
[+] ObjectSpace
[+] ClosedQueueError
[+] OpenSSL
[-] page-standard_library_md.ri [edit]
[+] ErrorHighlight
[+] IO
[+] BasicSocket
[+] BigDecimal
[+] Win32
[+] Logger
[+] PP
[+] Continuation
[+] SingleForwardable
[+] CGI
[+] JSON
[+] fatal
[+] yjit
[+] Module
[+] Data
[+] TypeError
[+] ThreadGroup
[+] Zlib
[+] OpenURI
[+] SimpleDelegator
[+] Find
[+] syntax
[+] ruby
[+] SignalException
[+] FileUtils
[+] ScriptError
[+] rjit
[+] contributing
[+] ZeroDivisionError
[+] TrueClass
[+] NoMatchingPatternKeyError
[+] DidYouMean
[+] RuntimeError
[+] DateTime
[+] CoreExtensions
[-] page-syntax_rdoc.ri [edit]
[-] page-exceptions_md.ri [edit]
[-] page-bug_triaging_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Etc
[+] IOError
[+] Errno
[+] Fiber
[+] Symbol
[+] LocalJumpError
[+] TracePoint
[+] NilClass
[+] Forwardable
[-] page-case_mapping_rdoc.ri [edit]
[+] Array
[+] NoMatchingPatternError
[+] IPSocket
[+] SyntaxError
[+] Binding
[+] SocketError
[+] Set
[+] String
[+] Socket
[+] SecureRandom
[+] Psych
[+] Tempfile